Sunday, July 22, 2012

Immunodefense charts

Weapon of the Invaders 

Weapon
Type  (Chemical or Physical)
Specifically causes (molecular basis)
End result (symptoms or benefit)
ligand
P-molecule
Adhesion to surfaces
Prevents flushing/coughing out of body
Fimbrae
P-hairlike
Capsule/glycocalyx
P-slimy
Invasins
C-Enzyme
penetrate into tissue,DIGEST CELL MEMBRANE, MOVE THROUGH
Spread THROUGH TISSUES
Coagulase
C-Enzyme
Form clots
Localized infection
Kinase
C-Enzyme
Dissolve clots
septicemia :spread into bloodstream
Hyaluronidase
C-Enzyme
Dissolve cell cement
Spread factor between neighboring cells
Collagenase
C-Enzyme
Breaks down collagen
Spread through cell layers
Leucocidin
C-Enzyme
kills white blood cells
Pus formation, PREVENTS PATHOGEN KILLING
M protein
C-Enzyme
Prevents WBC phagocytosis
PREVENTS PATHOGEN KILLING
Hemolysin
C-Enzyme
rupture red blood cells
1-      Reduces oxygen and increase carbon dioxide for microaerophiles
2-      Releases protein, iron for nutrients
Digestive enzymes
C-Enzyme
proteases, lipases, amylases, etc.
Use you as FOOD
Weapon
Type  (Chemical or Physical)
Specifically causes (molecular basis)
End result (symptoms or benefit)




Neurotoxin
C-Exotoxin/protein
affect nervous system, PREVENT NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE
paralysis (FLACCID = BOTULISM, RIGID = TETANUS
Enterotoxin
C-Exotoxin/protein
affect digestive tract (usually intestines) FLUID LOSS FROM CELLS, INCREASED PERISTALSIS
Diarrhea, cramping, nausea
Cytotoxin
C-Exotoxin/protein
directly kills cells
makes cell membrane burst; causes large lesions
Endotoxin
C-lipid
(none)

endotoxin shock: fever, inflammation, Blood pressure drop, shock, blood congulation

   
Level 1 Defenses Comparison

Normal flora
Tough/thick
Cornified
Hair
Salt
Acid
Lysozyme
Flushing
Digestive Enzymes
Ciliary escalator
Skin (epithelium, endothelium)
yes
yes
yes
yes


sweat


Respiratory tract


yes, NOSE


yes, MUCUS
Cough, sneeze reflex

yes
Eyes


yes, eye lashes
yes

YES, TEARS
yes, tears


Mouth
yes




yes
yes, saliva
yes

Urinary Tract(+ male genital tract)






yes, urine


Female Genital tract
vagina only



yes, vagina (produced by natural flora)

YES, MUCUS
yes, menstrual cycle

yes
Digestive tract
intestines only



yes, stomach only

YES, MUCUS
yes
yes
yes




Level 2 Defenses of the body


Process
Cells
Secretions/chemicals
Action / Type of pathogen affected
Phagocytosis

(phagocytes)
Neutrophils,
Monocytes,
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
(in lysosome) Lysozymes, acids (ex. HCl), Superoxide, digestive enzymes
Cells engulf pathogen (phagosome) bind with lysosome and break it apart, then eject it out of the cell. Some phagocytes can become APC and trigger level 2 & 3 defenses in the lymph node, affects small sized bacteria, dead cell fragments, etc.
Inflammation
Basophile, mast cells
Histamine, prostoglandins, leukotreines
Increased__arteriole dilation____
Increased ____capillary permeability_______
Overall: increase WBC in local area, so more NK= kill abn. Eukaryotic cells, more phagocytes = kill bacteria
Complement Activation
n/a
Series of complement proteins
Works mostly on triggered by gram – bacterial endotoxins or capsules: triggers inflammation without damage to basophile or mast cells (kills eukaryotic cells and bacteria), MAC (kills any cell), opsonization (eat bacteria).  
n/a
Natural killers
Perforin

granzyme
Make holes into eukaryotic cell membrane with perforin and granzyme initiates apoptosis
n/a
Infected cell

Neighboring cell
Interferon

Antiviral proteins
Infected cell warns neighboring cell about virus and they produce antiviral proteins to fight off virus
Process
Cells
Secretions/chemicals
Action / Type of pathogen affected




Level 3 Defenses of the body

Process
Cells involved
Activated by?
What leaves lymph node?
Action / Effect
Cell-Mediated
APC, THO, TH1, TC0, TCC, TM
APC goes to lymph nodes (MHCII) touches naive T helper cell (Th0)
TH1 ACTIVATES TC0
TCC Tm
cytotoxic T cells go throughout body (1-2 days), USE PERFORIN AND GRANZYME TO KILL ABNORMAL EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Humoral
APC
Th0 >>>>>>>
 Th2
B cell >>>>>
plasma cells
Bm cells
antibodies

 APC

Th2


>>>>>>> 






antibodies
1- agglutination, CLUMPS BACTERIA
2-opsonization, PHAGOCYTIZES BACTERIA
3-Natural killer activation KILLS LARGE EUKARYOTIC
4-complement activation
*INFLAMMATION *-OPSONIZATION *-MAC
Kills bacteria (all 3), large eukaryotic cells (inflammation and MAC)
5. Neutralization STOPS VIRUSES, ENZYMES, TOXINS, LIGANDS
Size comparison of antigens/pathogens: Tell what response would be effective against each.

Tiny
(too small to phagocytize)
Small
Large
(too big to phagocytize)
Example
viruses, exoenzymes, EXOTOXINS
bacteria, frag. dead self cell
protozoa, yeast, worms, live infected self cell, cancer cells
Cell mediated
NONE
NONE
cytotoxic T cells, USING PERFORIN AND GRANZYME
Humoral (specific)
neutralization
opsonization, complement activation, aggulatination, neutralazation only bacteria with ligands
natural killer cell activation, complement activation
















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