Immunodefense charts

Weapon of the Invaders 

Weapon	Type  (Chemical or Physical)	Specifically causes (molecular basis)	End result (symptoms or benefit)
ligand	P-molecule	Adhesion to surfaces	Prevents flushing/coughing out of body
Fimbrae	P-hairlike
Capsule/glycocalyx	P-slimy
Invasins	C-Enzyme	penetrate into tissue,DIGEST CELL MEMBRANE, MOVE THROUGH	Spread THROUGH TISSUES
Coagulase	C-Enzyme	Form clots	Localized infection
Kinase	C-Enzyme	Dissolve clots	septicemia :spread into bloodstream
Hyaluronidase	C-Enzyme	Dissolve cell cement	Spread factor between neighboring cells
Collagenase	C-Enzyme	Breaks down collagen	Spread through cell layers
Leucocidin	C-Enzyme	kills white blood cells	Pus formation, PREVENTS PATHOGEN KILLING
M protein	C-Enzyme	Prevents WBC phagocytosis	PREVENTS PATHOGEN KILLING
Hemolysin	C-Enzyme	rupture red blood cells	1-      Reduces oxygen and increase carbon dioxide for microaerophiles 2-      Releases protein, iron for nutrients
Digestive enzymes	C-Enzyme	proteases, lipases, amylases, etc.	Use you as FOOD
Weapon	Type  (Chemical or Physical)	Specifically causes (molecular basis)	End result (symptoms or benefit)
Neurotoxin	C-Exotoxin/protein	affect nervous system, PREVENT NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE	paralysis (FLACCID = BOTULISM, RIGID = TETANUS
Enterotoxin	C-Exotoxin/protein	affect digestive tract (usually intestines) FLUID LOSS FROM CELLS, INCREASED PERISTALSIS	Diarrhea, cramping, nausea
Cytotoxin	C-Exotoxin/protein	directly kills cells	makes cell membrane burst; causes large lesions
Endotoxin	C-lipid	(none)	endotoxin shock: fever, inflammation, Blood pressure drop, shock, blood congulation

   

Level 1 Defenses Comparison

	Normal flora	Tough/thick Cornified	Hair	Salt	Acid	Lysozyme	Flushing	Digestive Enzymes	Ciliary escalator
Skin (epithelium, endothelium)	yes	yes	yes	yes			sweat
Respiratory tract			yes, NOSE			yes, MUCUS	Cough, sneeze reflex		yes
Eyes			yes, eye lashes	yes		YES, TEARS	yes, tears
Mouth	yes					yes	yes, saliva	yes
Urinary Tract(+ male genital tract)							yes, urine
Female Genital tract	vagina only				yes, vagina (produced by natural flora)	YES, MUCUS	yes, menstrual cycle		yes
Digestive tract	intestines only				yes, stomach only	YES, MUCUS	yes	yes	yes

Level 2 Defenses of the body

Process	Cells	Secretions/chemicals	Action / Type of pathogen affected
Phagocytosis (phagocytes)	Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages Dendritic cells	(in lysosome) Lysozymes, acids (ex. HCl), Superoxide, digestive enzymes	Cells engulf pathogen (phagosome) bind with lysosome and break it apart, then eject it out of the cell. Some phagocytes can become APC and trigger level 2 & 3 defenses in the lymph node, affects small sized bacteria, dead cell fragments, etc.
Inflammation	Basophile, mast cells	Histamine, prostoglandins, leukotreines	Increased__arteriole dilation____ Increased ____capillary permeability_______ Overall: increase WBC in local area, so more NK= kill abn. Eukaryotic cells, more phagocytes = kill bacteria
Complement Activation	n/a	Series of complement proteins	Works mostly on triggered by gram – bacterial endotoxins or capsules: triggers inflammation without damage to basophile or mast cells (kills eukaryotic cells and bacteria), MAC (kills any cell), opsonization (eat bacteria).
n/a	Natural killers	Perforin granzyme	Make holes into eukaryotic cell membrane with perforin and granzyme initiates apoptosis
n/a	Infected cell Neighboring cell	Interferon Antiviral proteins	Infected cell warns neighboring cell about virus and they produce antiviral proteins to fight off virus
Process	Cells	Secretions/chemicals	Action / Type of pathogen affected

Level 3 Defenses of the body

Process	Cells involved	Activated by?	What leaves lymph node?	Action / Effect
Cell-Mediated	APC, THO, TH1, TC0, TCC, TM	APC goes to lymph nodes (MHCII) touches naive T helper cell (Th0) TH1 ACTIVATES TC0	TCC Tm	cytotoxic T cells go throughout body (1-2 days), USE PERFORIN AND GRANZYME TO KILL ABNORMAL EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Humoral	APC Th0 >>>>>>>  Th2 B cell >>>>> plasma cells Bm cells antibodies	APC Th2 >>>>>>>	antibodies	1- agglutination, CLUMPS BACTERIA 2-opsonization, PHAGOCYTIZES BACTERIA 3-Natural killer activation KILLS LARGE EUKARYOTIC 4-complement activation *INFLAMMATION *-OPSONIZATION *-MAC Kills bacteria (all 3), large eukaryotic cells (inflammation and MAC) 5. Neutralization STOPS VIRUSES, ENZYMES, TOXINS, LIGANDS

Size comparison of antigens/pathogens: Tell what response would be effective against each.

	Tiny (too small to phagocytize)	Small	Large (too big to phagocytize)
Example	viruses, exoenzymes, EXOTOXINS	bacteria, frag. dead self cell	protozoa, yeast, worms, live infected self cell, cancer cells
Cell mediated	NONE	NONE	cytotoxic T cells, USING PERFORIN AND GRANZYME
Humoral (specific)	neutralization	opsonization, complement activation, aggulatination, neutralazation only bacteria with ligands	natural killer cell activation, complement activation